Variasjon i investerings- og LCC-kostnader for skolebygg

De siste årene har det vært befolkningsvekst i Norge. Dette har ført til elevvekst i flere kommuner, noe som igjen medfører økt fokus på utbygging av skolebygg. Oslo kommune alene skal frem mot 2022 bruke 25 milliarder kroner på utbygging av skolebygg. Oslo vil få mellom 18 000 og 20 000 nye elever frem til år 2022. Dette er store investeringskostnader for Oslo kommune, og tilhørende fremtidige budsjettbindinger for forvaltnings-, drifts- og vedlikeholdskostnader (FDV-kostnader) for disse bygningene. Derfor er det viktig for Oslo kommune å se på den totale kostnaden de får i løpet av levetiden til bygningene (Aftenposten, 2012-03-14). Faget «prosjektledelse og -styring» har fanget vår interesse for å se nærmere på kommunens prosjektgjennomføring. Vi ønsker spesielt å se på variasjonene i investerings - og levetidskostnader. I tillegg er valg av entrepriseformer og måleparametere kommunene bruker, forhold vi ønsker å se på

Vibration Analysis of Uniform and Tapered Composite Beams with Embedded Shape Memory Alloy

في هذا البحث تم تهجين مواد مركبة باستخدام اسلاك النتنول (نيكل-تيتانيوم). تم تصنيع العينات بتقنية القولبة اليدوية، وتم استخدام راتنج الايبوكسي نوع (Sikadur 52 N) وطبقة من ليف الزجاج ذات الحصيرة المنتظمة، وتم استخدام اسلاك النتنول لتدعيم العينات وبقطر (٠.٥ملم) وبعدد (٠،١،٣ ،٥ و٩) سلك لايجاد تاثير عدد الاسلاك على التردد الطبيعي. العينات تكون على شكل عتبة كابولية مثبتة من طرف وحرة من الطرف الاخر. تمت دراسة تاثير زيادة كل من عدد اسلاك النتنول وقطراسلاك النتنول وطول وسمك العتبة الكابولية على الترددات الطبيعية للعتبة. وكذلك تمت دراسة تاثير ميلان عرض وسمك العتبة الكابولية على التردد الطبيعي. وضحت النتائج زيادة كل من عدد اسلاك النتنول وقطر اسلاك النتنول يؤديان لتقليل التردد الطبيعي في طور المارتنسايت ويؤديان الى زيادة التردد الطبيعي في طور الاوستنايت. كذلك اوضحت النتائج ان زيادة سمك العينة وزيادة نسبة العرض العرض يؤدي الى زيادة التردد الطبيعي. وكذلك زيادة نسبة السمك للعينة يؤدي الى زيادة التردد الطبيعي الاول وتقليل التردد الطبيعي الثاني والثالث. وكذلك زيادة طول العينة يقلل من التردد الطبيعي.In this study, laminated composite materials were hybridized with E-glass fiber and Nitinol (Nickel-Titanium) wires. Hand lay-up technique was used to prepare the samples, epoxy resin type (Sikadur 52 N) was used as matrix reinforced by one fiber from E-glass fiber woven roving with embedded nitinol wires with a diameter 0.5 mm for samples and number of wires such as 0, 1, 3, 5 and 9 to find the effect of the number of wires on the natural frequency. The samples were fixed as a cantilever beam. The effects of increasing the number of nitinol wires, the diameter of nitinol wires, the length of the cantilever beam and the thickness of beam on the natural frequencies of the beam were studied. Also, the effects of the tapered in width side and thickness side on the natural frequencies of cantilever beam were studied. The results showed that the increasing in the number of nitinol wires and the diameter of nitinol wires lead to decrease the natural frequency in martensite phase and increase the natural frequency in austenite phase. Also, the increasing in thickness of beam and width ratio of the beam lead to increase the natural frequency. As well as, the increasing in the thickness ratio leads to increase the first natural frequency and decrease the second and third ones. In addition, the increasing in the length of the beam decreases the natural frequency

Impact of Gas Conservation on Aggregate Economy and Trade of Pakistan

The present study assesses the gas-use based aggregate production framework to find out the cointegration among the variables and thereby estimate the error correction mechanism of the empirical models. Johansen’s based co-integration test has been applied with VECM based causality test to assess the long run and causal relationship for yearly time series data over 1980- 2014 for Pakistan. The empirical findings demonstrate a statistically significant co-integration to exist among real economic production/GDP, labor, capital and gas-use in both the models with and without exports. The findings of causality test depict long-run unidirectional relationship from labor, capital stock, gas-use and export towards the real GDP. The feedback connection between gas-use and real GDP is also found statistically significant in the short-term. The findings imply a warning for reduction of gas-use via energy conservation policies which may reduce exportable production. The reduction of gas use will downward curtail the economic growth, directly and via exports’ multiplier effect upon GDP, indirectly. Therefore, development of new energy technologies has been suggested to balance the supply-demand gap and thereby promisingly expanding the export-led sector for triggering the Economic output/GDP growth and sustainability of energy resources in the countr

Response of Callosobruchus chinensis L. to plant extracts and to the parasitoid Anisopteromalus calandrae: Poster

Present investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed.Present investigation was carried out to elucidate the extracts of botanicals i.e., Cichorium intybus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Trachyspermum ammi and Terminalia chebula, for their possible toxic effect against C. chinensis population. The results revealed that mortality was highest (94.649%) in case of T. ammi treatment, followed by T. chebula with mortality value 56.929%. Mortality was 52.363% where application of C. intybus was carried out. Minimum mortality (34.500%) was observed in G. glabra treated grains. A natural ecto-parasitoid, Anisopteromalus calandrae was used to manage C. chinensis population. A. calandrae male and female adults (5, 10 and 15 pairs) were released to analyze the parasitism efficiency. A. calandrae was reared in the laboratory on C. chinensis larvae. Honey was offered as a suitable food to parasitoid. The parasitism data was recorded after the adult emergence of brunchid beetles. The experiment conducted under Completely Randomized Design and results statistically evaluated using statistical software at 5% level of significance. A. calandrae parasitized both larval and pupal stages of C. chinensis and preferred 4th instar larvae of C. chinensis. Large amount of A. calandrae may efficiently control the C. chinensis population. As compared to control (1558.7 host adult), the minimum host emergence (699.00 host adult) was observed with high population density of A. calandrae. It was also obvious from the results, that mortality was increased with the increase in concentration so, a direct dosemortality response was observed

Calibration and evaluation of optical systems for full-field strain measurement

The design and testing of a reference material for the calibration of optical systems for strain measurement is described, together with the design and testing of a standardized test material that allows the evaluation and assessment of fitness for purpose of the most sophisticated optical system for strain measurement. A classification system for the steps in the measurement process is also proposed and allows the development of a unified approach to diagnostic testing of components or sub-systems in an optical system for strain measurement based on any optical technique. The results described arise from a European study known as SPOTS whose objectives were to begin to fill the gap caused by a lack of standards

The Role of Stock Market Development in Influencing the Firms Performance: A Study Based on Pakistan Stock Market

The study aims to examine the role of stock market development in influencing the performance of non financial firms listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange from 2001 to 2017. Stock market development is a foremost issue of debate nowadays in emerging and developing economies. The theories and empirical studies strongly refer that stock market development is a tool to mobilize the savings and investment to promote the industrialization and firms performance. This study is an effort to establish the empirical relationship between stock market development and firm‟s performance. Three indicators of stock market development like stock market volatility,stock market liquidity and stock market liquidity are used for assessing the book and market performance of firms. For this purpose two-step system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimator was employed in a dynamic panel model for empirical testing of hypothesis. The findings indicates that stock market volatility is a significant factor which which attempts to decrease the firm performance. On the other hand, stock market capitalization and stock market liquidity significantly causes the increase in firm firm performance

Bioassay of insecticides against three honey bee species in laboratory conditions

A study was conducted at the Eco-toxicology laboratory in the Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, against three species Apis florea, A. dorsata and A. mellifera of honey bees, to check long-term survival of honeybees when exposed to different insecticides. In this study, we used a modeling approach regarding survival data of caged bees under chronic exposure to seven insecticides (Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos, Bifenthrin, Spinosad, Indoxacarb, Emamectin benzoate and Imidacloprid), having three replicates and four concentrations (1000, 500, 250, 125 and 0 ppm). We demonstrate the chronic toxicity induced by these insecticides. Laboratory bioassay of these insecticides showed that carbosulfan and imidacloprid were the most toxic at their high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 4 hours in each case for A. mellifera, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid were the most toxic at their high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 5 hours in each case for A. florea whereas chlorpyrifos was the most toxic at high dose (1000 ppm) with LT50 of 5 hours for A. dorsata. However, LT50 of spinosad was increased up to 18 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. mellifera, LT50 of spinosad was increased up to 15 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. florea as well as LT50 of spinosad and Emamectin benzoate was increased up to 20 hrs with decreasing concentrations at 125 ppm against A. dorsata. However, LT50 of all controlled species was 91-103 hrs

Relationship between Stock Market Volatility, Stock Market Liquidity and Financial Performance of Non-Financial Firms Listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange

This paper analyzed the empirical relationship between different measures of stock market volatility, traded volume, market and accounting measures of financial performance of 260 firms panel data listed on Pakistan Stock Exchange using Generalized Autoregressive Conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and Generalized moments methods (GMM). The study found that financial performance has significant positive relation with traded volume and significant negative relationship with stock market volatility both in two measures. The study used both microeconomic and macroeconomic measures to calculate stock market volatility and both measures have significant effects on financial performance

Experimental investigation to thermal performance of different photo voltaic modules for efficient system design

Due to rapid industrialization, and depletion of fossil fuels, alternative renewable resources are mandatory, where solar thermal energy is one of the promising alternate. In this study, an experimental investigation was conducted to analyze the thermal performance of different photovoltaic-modules under varying climate conditions. These include thin plate Copper indium diselenide, mono-crystalline silicon, micro crystalline silicone, amorphous silicon and poly-crystalline silicon. The analysis was concentrated on the evaluation of module efficiency, solar irradiance absorption rate, maximum power output, performance ratio, normalized power output efficiency and temperature effect on each module at real operational outdoor conditions. Mono-crystalline silicon module showed high average efficiency of 20.8% and average performance ratio 1.21 compared to the other PV modules. It was observed that all types of modules have higher average temperature in summer season and showed low performance ratio and low module efficiency as compared to winter season. Average normalized power out of mono-crystalline silicon 56.2% more efficient than the other modules. The increased thermal performance of mono-crystalline silicon was related with its high absorption rate and high conduction rate. Thus, mono-crystalline silicon PV module is the best potential candidate for solar capturing technique to be utilize in diverse solar thermal energy applications